摘要

国家治理的一个根本目的是追求稳定,然而,无原则的派系乱斗从古至今一直是困扰国家治理的一个顽疾。从古希腊、古罗马到中世纪的城市共和国,再到近代民主的产生与发展,无不闪现着派系的身影及其对政治秩序的冲击和破坏。派系问题由此激起了不同时代政治思想家的思考,人们就派系的危害、表现形式、产生原因以及抑制方式等提出不同的看法,并认为对公共利益的背离与危害是判定派系行为的根本标准。从政治思想史来看,休谟和伯克对派系问题的思考成为一个转折,休谟不但对派系进行了类型学的分析,而且注意到了派系的现代形式,伯克则从规范的意义上首次对派系与政党作出了有效的区分,从而为现代国家治理中政党政治的出现提供了一种合理的理由。

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