摘要

<正>Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is derived from electrolyte decomposition, and considered as extremely crucial interface,which has a huge influence on the reversible operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and lithium metal batteries (LMBs)[1–3], e.g., the irreversible capacity, internal resistance, Coulombic efficiency, and cycling life of batteries [4–10]. However, our knowledge on SEI components and structures is still limited although SEI has been studied for several decades.