摘要

<正>1. Introduction To date, the application of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) has been expanded from traditional consumer electronics to electric vehicles(EVs), energy storage, special fields, and other application scenarios. The production capacity of LIBs is increasing rapidly, from26 GW·h in 2011 to 747 GW·h in 2020, 76% of which comes from China [1]. The performance of LIBs in terms of energy density,