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摘要
The deep application of nitrogen fertilizers can reduce soil ammonia volatilization, but no annual systematic study in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system exists. Nitrogen fertilizer was deeply applied to soil from a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system to determine the effects on ammonia emissions and optimize farmland fertilization. Five treatments were used from October 2018 to October 2019: no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilizer surface-application (T1), slow-release fertilizer surface-application (T2), twice layered deep-application of slow-release fertilizer (T3), and single layered deep-application of slow-release fertilizer (T4). Ammonia volatilization primarily occurred in the corn top-dressing season and accounted for 84.84% of the annual ammonia volatilization. The cumulative amounts of annual ammonia volatiles were 22.75 (T1), 6.17 (T2), 2.25 (T3), and 0.55 kg?hm-2 (T4), accounting for 4.86%, 1.32%, 0.48%, and 0.16% of the total fertilizer application, respectively. The slow-release fertilizer treatments reduced the ammonia volatilization loss by 72.88% (T2), 90.11% (T3), and 96.30% (T4) compared to T1. The single deep application treatment (T4) avoided the summertime high soil ammonia volatilization period, and the cumulative annual ammonia emissions were comparable to the unfertilized emissions (0.43 kg?hm-2). The annual yields were 8.31 (CK), 13.20 (T1), 12.66 (T2), 14.42 (T3), 14.22 (T4) t?hm-2; and compared with T1, the slow-release fertilizer deep application increased the crop yield by 9.25% (T3) and 7.75% (T4). The surface application of slow-release fertilizer (T2) slightly decreased the yield but significantly reduced the ammonia volatilization amount. In conclusion, the deep application of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer improved crop yield and reduced soil ammonia emissions, and was shown to be a simple, efficient, and environment-friendly fertilization method.
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