科研之友
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摘要
The Order of the Hospital, which was established at Rhodes from 1310, experienced a long and serious financial crisis as a consequence of several attacks from the Mamluks, from 1426 to 1444, followed by others from the Ottoman Turks after 1453. The Order had to face heavy expenses to defend itself and needed large supplies of money. This article will describe the Treasury organization of the Order, the extent of its debts and the measures taken to improve the situation. Censals, bills of exchange, usury loans and masked loans were some of the ways used to raise funds. The Order requested fi nancial support from the Western merchants who were established at Rhodes, especially from the Catalans. There were many recovery plans, in some cases with the arbitration of the Papacy. L%26apos;Ordre de l%26apos;H pital install谷 角 l%26apos; le de Rhodes depuis 1310 connut une longue et grave crise fi nanci豕re lorsque, 角 partir de 1426, les attaques des Mamelouks du sultan d%26apos;谷gypte puis, apr豕s 1453, celles des Turcs ottomans 角 la conqu那te de la M谷diterran谷e orientale le mirent en grand danger. Il dut d谷penser, et pour cela trouver, des sommes consid谷rables pour pr谷parer sa d谷fense. Cet article se propose d%26apos;abord de pr谷senter l%26apos;organisation des finances de l%26apos;Ordre au XVe si豕cle, autour du Tr谷sor, puis de faire l%26apos;inventaire de l%26apos;endettement et des mesures prises pour s%26apos;efforcer de redresser la situation. Les emprunts avaient pris de multiples formes: censals, lettres de change, pr那ts usuraires, pr那ts d谷guis谷s, etc. L%26apos;Ordre fi t largement appel aux marchands d%26apos;Occident fr谷quentant Rhodes, en particulier aux Catalans. Les plans de redressement furent nombreux et entra n豕rent l%26apos;intervention de la papaut谷.
